Honey Bee Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2010 Jan;103 Suppl 1:S20-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.018. Epub 2009 Nov 11.
Chalkbrood is a fungal disease of honey bee brood caused by Ascosphaera apis. This disease is now found throughout the world, and there are indications that chalkbrood incidence may be on the rise. In this review we consolidate both historic knowledge and recent scientific findings. We document the worldwide spread of the fungus, which is aided by increased global travel and the migratory nature of many beekeeping operations. We discuss the current taxonomic classification in light of the recent complete reworking of fungal systematics brought on by application of molecular methods. In addition, we discuss epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as pathogen biology, morphology and reproduction. New attempts at disease control methods and management tactics are reviewed. We report on research tools developed for identification and monitoring, and also include recent findings on genomic and molecular studies not covered by previous reviews, including sequencing of the A. apis genome and identification of the mating type locus.
石灰病是一种由蜂球囊菌引起的蜜蜂幼虫真菌病。这种疾病现在已经在世界各地发现，有迹象表明石灰病的发病率可能正在上升。在这篇综述中，我们整合了历史知识和最近的科学发现。我们记录了这种真菌在世界范围内的传播，这得益于全球旅行的增加和许多养蜂作业的迁徙性质。我们根据分子方法的应用对最近真菌系统发育的全面修订，讨论了当前的分类学分类。此外，我们还讨论了疾病的流行病学和发病机制，以及病原体的生物学、形态和繁殖。还审查了新的疾病控制方法和管理策略的尝试。我们报告了为鉴定和监测开发的研究工具，还包括以前的综述未涵盖的最近关于基因组和分子研究的发现，包括蜂球囊菌基因组测序和交配型基因座的鉴定。
