ETH Zurich, Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009 Oct;19(5):504-18. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.19.5.504.
Food-guide pyramids help translate nutrient goals into a visual representation of suggested food intake on a population level. No such guidance system has ever been specifically designed for athletes. Therefore, the authors developed a Food Pyramid for Swiss Athletes that illustrates the number of servings per food group needed in relation to the training volume of an athlete. As a first step, an average energy expenditure of 0.1 kcal . kg(-1) . min(-1) for exercise was defined, which then was translated into servings of different food groups per hour of exercise per day. Variable serving sizes were defined for athletes' different body-mass categories. The pyramid was validated by designing 168 daily meal plans according to the recommendations of the pyramid for male and female athletes of different body-mass categories and training volumes of up to 4 hr/d. The energy intake of the meal plans met the calculated reference energy requirement by 97% +/- 9%. The carbohydrate and protein intakes were linearly graded from 4.6 +/- 0.6-8.5 +/- 0.8 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) and 1.6 +/- 0.2-1.9 +/- 0.2 g . kg(-1) . d(-1), respectively, for training volumes of 1-4 hr of exercise per day. The average micronutrient intake depended particularly on the dietary energy intake level but was well above the dietary reference intake values for most micronutrients. No tolerable upper intake level was exceeded for any micronutrient. Therefore, this Food Pyramid for Swiss Athletes may be used as a new tool in sports nutrition education (e.g., teaching and counseling).
食物金字塔有助于将营养目标转化为人群建议食物摄入量的直观表示。但是，目前还没有专门为运动员设计的此类指导系统。因此，作者开发了瑞士运动员食物金字塔，用于说明与运动员训练量相关的每个食物组所需的份数。作为第一步，定义了运动时的平均能量消耗为 0.1 kcal. kg(-1). min(-1)，然后将其转化为每天每小时运动所需的不同食物组的份数。为运动员不同的体重类别定义了可变的份数。通过根据男性和女性运动员不同体重类别和训练量（每天最多 4 小时）的金字塔建议设计 168 份日常膳食计划，对金字塔进行了验证。膳食计划的能量摄入满足了计算出的参考能量需求，偏差为 97% +/- 9%。碳水化合物和蛋白质摄入量分别从每天 1-4 小时的训练量为 4.6 +/- 0.6-8.5 +/- 0.8 g. kg(-1). d(-1)和 1.6 +/- 0.2-1.9 +/- 0.2 g. kg(-1). d(-1)线性分级，训练量为每天 1-4 小时。平均微量营养素摄入量特别取决于膳食能量摄入量水平，但对于大多数微量营养素，均远高于膳食参考摄入量值。没有任何微量营养素超过可耐受摄入量上限。因此，瑞士运动员食物金字塔可作为运动营养教育（例如，教学和咨询）的新工具。
