Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):491-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.011.
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a rich phenomenology that includes simple and complex motor and vocal tics as well as multiple comorbidities. From a nosological perspective, it is evident that a continuum of tic severity exists, of which TS is the most severe and rare form, while transient tics and chronic tics represent milder forms. From a psychopathology perspective, TS is often concurrent with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); these disorders appear to define TS "types" TS only, TS+OCD, and TS+OCD+ADHD. Additional clinical aspects of TS include more frequent than expected occurrence of anger episodes, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, learning disorders, and pervasive developmental disorders. Data reduction techniques have been used more recently to define a "simple" and "complex" tic symptom clusters or factors. Phenomenologic approaches can be used in TS to guide future pathophysiologic research.
妥瑞氏症候群（TS）是一种神经发育障碍，具有丰富的表现，包括简单和复杂的运动和发声抽搐，以及多种合并症。从分类学的角度来看，显然存在着一种 tic 严重程度的连续体，其中 TS 是最严重和罕见的形式，而短暂性 tic 和慢性 tic 则代表了较轻的形式。从精神病理学的角度来看，TS 常与强迫症（OCD）和注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）并存；这些障碍似乎定义了 TS 的“类型”：只有 TS、TS+OCD 和 TS+OCD+ADHD。TS 的其他临床方面包括比预期更频繁地出现愤怒发作、焦虑障碍、情绪障碍、冲动控制障碍、学习障碍和广泛发育障碍。最近，人们已经使用数据缩减技术来定义“简单”和“复杂” tic 症状群或因素。现象学方法可以在 TS 中用于指导未来的病理生理学研究。
