Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
Toxicon. 2010 Aug 15;56(2):191-217. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.005. Epub 2009 Nov 17.
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a specific type of food poisoning, characterized by severe gastrointestinal illness due to the ingestion of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with a specific suite of toxins. It is known that the problem is worldwide and three chemically different groups of toxins have been historically associated with DSP syndrome: okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs) and yessotoxins (YTXs). PTXs and YTXs have been considered as DSP toxins because they can be detected with the bioassays used for the toxins of the okadaic acid group, but diarrhegenic effects have only been proven for OA and DTXs. Whereas, some PTXs causes liver necrosis and YTXs damages cardiac muscle after intraperitoneal injection into mice. On the other hand, azaspiracids (AZAs) have never been included in the DSP group, but they cause diarrhoea in humans. This review summarizes the origin, characterization, structure, activity, mechanism of action, clinical symptoms, method for analysis, potential risk, regulation and perspectives of DSP and associated toxins produced by marine dinoflagellates.
腹泻性贝类毒素（DSP）是一种特定类型的食物中毒，其特征是由于摄入被特定毒素组合污染的滤食性双壳贝类而导致严重的胃肠道疾病。已知该问题是全球性的，并且历史上已有三种化学性质不同的毒素与 DSP 综合征相关：冈田酸（OA）和麻痹性贝类毒素（DTXs）、膝沟藻毒素（PTXs）和短裸甲藻毒素（YTXs）。PTXs 和 YTXs 被认为是 DSP 毒素，因为它们可以用用于检测 OA 组毒素的生物测定法检测到，但只有 OA 和 DTXs 被证明具有致泻作用。然而，一些 PTXs 会导致肝脏坏死，而 YTXs 会在腹腔注射到小鼠后损害心肌。另一方面，azaspiracids（AZAs）从未被列入 DSP 组，但它们会导致人类腹泻。本综述总结了海洋甲藻产生的 DSP 及其相关毒素的来源、特征、结构、活性、作用机制、临床症状、分析方法、潜在风险、法规和前景。
