Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Norway.
Scand J Psychol. 2009 Dec;50(6):652-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00776.x.
The research presented here has shown that tolerance to drugs can be accelerated by conditioning processes. Placebo effects may be considered the opposite of tolerance, and we have shown that placebo effects may be objectively recorded by physiological measures (electromyography, skin conductance responses, and event-related potentials), as well as by behavioral and subjective methods. The placebo response, or more precisely, the expectation of drug effects, can add to the effect of the drug. Drug antagonistic expectations can also reverse the effect of the drug. There is some evidence that placebo effects are strongest when expectations are reinforced by administration of an active drug. Expectations have graded effects and may affect symptoms to a smaller or larger degree. Although drug effects can be considered stimuli, the investigation of the role of classical conditioning in drug use and drug effects involves special issues that must be carefully considered.
这里呈现的研究表明，药物耐受可以通过条件作用过程加速。安慰剂效应可以被认为是与耐受相反的效应，我们已经证明，安慰剂效应可以通过生理测量（肌电图、皮肤电导率反应和事件相关电位）以及行为和主观方法来客观记录。安慰剂反应，或者更准确地说，对药物效应的期望，可以增强药物的效应。药物拮抗预期也可以逆转药物的效应。有一些证据表明，当期望通过给予活性药物得到加强时，安慰剂效应最强。期望具有分级效应，可能会在较小或较大程度上影响症状。尽管药物效应可以被视为刺激，但在药物使用和药物效应中经典条件作用的作用的研究涉及必须仔细考虑的特殊问题。
