Monitoring immune responses after glioma vaccine immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy provides the ideal candidate of therapeutic attack against malignant gliomas because it allows for targeting of cancer cells without the potential for nonspecific toxicity. This is important when glial tumor cells spread far through normal brain tissue. Current vaccine therapies are in clinical trials and are showing beneficial responses. Given that the inflammatory response may make serial radiographic imaging more difficult to interpret, newer methodologies of immunomonitoring must be developed to assess the biologic efficacy of these immunotherapies. This article reviews methods of monitoring the immune system after vaccination against malignant gliomas. Improvements in immunomonitoring should lead to an increase in the efficiency of identifying viable avenues of therapeutic research, and assess the efficacy of those currently employed.