Birmingham Women's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
Maturitas. 2009 Dec;65 Suppl 1:S35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.010. Epub 2009 Nov 27.
Threatened miscarriage, as demonstrated by vaginal bleeding with or without abdominal cramps, is a common complication of pregnancy. It occurs in about 20% of recognised pregnancies. Risk of miscarriage is increased in older women and those with a history of miscarriage. Low serum levels of progesterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) are a risk factor for miscarriage. Other risk factors include heavy bleeding, early gestational age and an empty gestational sac of >15-17 mm diameter. Clinical history and examination, maternal serum biochemistry and ultrasound findings provide valuable information about the prognosis and are important to establish in order to determine potential treatment options. Although bed rest is the most common choice of treatment, there is little evidence of its value. Other options include luteal support with progesterone, dydrogesterone or hCG. There is some evidence from clinical studies indicating that progesterone or dydrogesterone may reduce the rate of miscarriage, although further data from double-blind, randomised-controlled trials are necessary to confirm efficacy.
先兆流产，表现为阴道出血伴或不伴腹痛，是妊娠的常见并发症。约 20%的已知妊娠会发生这种情况。流产风险在高龄妇女和有流产史的妇女中增加。血清孕激素或人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）水平低是流产的危险因素。其他危险因素包括大量出血、早期妊娠和直径>15-17mm 的空孕囊。临床病史和检查、母体血清生化和超声结果提供了关于预后的有价值信息，对于确定潜在的治疗选择非常重要。虽然卧床休息是最常见的治疗选择，但几乎没有证据表明其有价值。其他选择包括用孕激素、地屈孕酮或 hCG 支持黄体。一些临床研究的证据表明，孕激素或地屈孕酮可能降低流产率，但需要来自双盲、随机对照试验的进一步数据来证实其疗效。
