Kumar Naresh, Nixon Veronica, Sinha Kaushik, Jiang Xiaosen, Ziegenhorn Sarah, Peters Thomas
Department of Geography, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2009 Nov;59(11):1308-16. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.11.1308.
A novel sampling design is proposed that optimizes the spatial configuration of sampling sites and captures maximum intraurban variability in ambient air pollution with a minimum sample size. Unlike the classical sampling design, a deterministic approach is adopted and the redundancy in the site selection is minimized by controlling for spatial autocorrelation. The proposed design was tested and implemented in a medium-sized midwestern city. The analysis suggested that 32 sites were adequate to capture more than 95% of the total variance in airborne particulate 10 microm or less in aerodynamic diameter (PM10). A list of 20 households was prepared around each of the 32 sites. Households were approached in order of their distance from these sites until one was recruited for intensive indoor and outdoor air pollution monitoring from spring through fall of 2008. Finally, 30 households located around the optimal sites participated in the study. One set of four photometric and gravimetric samplers was deployed for each indoor and outdoor environment. The average ambient PM10 concentration (monitored from April to September 2008) at the selected locations was lower but statistically insignificant as compared with the PM10 (computed using the data from mobile sampling in 2006) at the optimal sites.
提出了一种新颖的采样设计，该设计优化了采样点的空间配置，并以最小的样本量捕获城市环境空气污染中的最大内部变异性。与经典采样设计不同，采用了确定性方法，并通过控制空间自相关性将选址中的冗余最小化。所提出的设计在中西部一个中等规模的城市进行了测试和实施。分析表明，32个采样点足以捕获空气动力学直径10微米及以下的空气中颗粒物（PM10）总方差的95%以上。在这32个采样点中的每一个周围都准备了一份20户家庭的名单。按照家庭与这些采样点的距离顺序联系这些家庭，直到招募到一户家庭参与2008年春季至秋季的室内外空气污染密集监测。最后，位于最佳采样点周围的30户家庭参与了该研究。在每个室内和室外环境中都部署了一组四个光度和重量采样器。与最佳采样点处的PM10（使用2006年移动采样数据计算）相比，所选地点的平均环境PM10浓度（2008年4月至9月监测）较低，但在统计上不显著。
