Parpura Vladimir, Zorec Robert
Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Civitan International Research Center, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA.
Brain Res Rev. 2010 May;63(1-2):83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.11.008. Epub 2009 Dec 4.
Gliotransmitters are chemicals released from glial cells fulfilling a following set of criteria: (i) they are synthesized by and/or stored in glia; (ii) their regulated release is triggered by physiological and/or pathological stimuli; (iii) they activate rapid (milliseconds to seconds) responses in neighboring cells; and (iv) they play a role in (patho)physiological processes. Astrocytes can release a variety of gliotransmitters into the extracellular space using several different mechanisms. In this review, we focus on exocytotic mechanism(s) underlying the release of three classes of gliotransmitters: (i) amino acids, such as, glutamate and d-serine; (ii) nucleotides, like adenosine 5'-triphosphate; and (iii) peptides, such as, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It is becoming clear that astrocytes are endowed with elements that qualify them as cells communicating with neurons and other cells within the central nervous system by employing regulated exocytosis.
神经胶质递质是从神经胶质细胞释放的化学物质，符合以下标准：（i）它们由神经胶质细胞合成和/或储存；（ii）其调节性释放由生理和/或病理刺激触发；（iii）它们在邻近细胞中激活快速（毫秒到秒）反应；以及（iv）它们在（病理）生理过程中发挥作用。星形胶质细胞可通过几种不同机制将多种神经胶质递质释放到细胞外空间。在本综述中，我们关注三类神经胶质递质释放背后的胞吐机制：（i）氨基酸，如谷氨酸和D-丝氨酸；（ii）核苷酸，如5'-三磷酸腺苷；以及（iii）肽，如心房利钠肽和脑源性神经营养因子。越来越清楚的是，星形胶质细胞具备一些要素，使其有资格作为通过调节性胞吐作用与中枢神经系统内的神经元和其他细胞进行通讯的细胞。
