Long transcripts from dinoflagellate chloroplast minicircles suggest "rolling circle" transcription.

The chloroplast genome of a dinoflagellate consists of a group of small circular DNA molecules (minicircles), most of which carry a single gene. With RT-PCR, primer extension, and Northern analyses, we show that the entire minicircle is transcribed and that some minicircles can produce RNAs larger than themselves. Using an RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, we were able to detect large processed precursors that are generated by endonucleolytic cleavage of an even longer molecule. This cleavage produces the mature mRNA 3'-end and at the same time the 5'-end of the precursor. The tRNAs encoded by the petD and psbE minicircles appear to be processed in the same way. We propose a "rolling circle" model for chloroplast transcription in which transcription would proceed continuously around the minicircular DNA to produce transcripts larger than the minicircle itself. These transcripts would be further processed into discrete mature mRNAs and tRNAs.