Broom Mark
Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex Brighton, UK.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2009 Nov 16;3:51. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.051.2009. eCollection 2009.
Violence is widespread throughout the natural world, prominent examples being predatory violence between species, seasonal violent competition for mating rights and territories within species and food competition both within and between species. These interactions are generally between unrelated individuals with no social connection. There are, however, examples of violent behaviour which occurs within groups of individuals who otherwise cooperate to live, have significant social bonds and may also be related, and that is the primary focus of this paper. Examples are in the establishment and maintenance of dominance hierarchies, or in infanticide, where (usually) incoming males attempt to kill existing infants in a group. Such violence can seem paradoxical, but in fact is often perfectly logical for the individual perpetrating the violence, as distinct from the group as a whole. We discuss such situations from the perspective of evolutionary game theory, and also consider wider questions of interspecific violence.
暴力在整个自然界中广泛存在，突出的例子包括物种间的掠夺性暴力、物种内部为争夺交配权和领地而进行的季节性暴力竞争以及物种内部和物种之间的食物竞争。这些相互作用通常发生在没有社会联系的不相关个体之间。然而，在那些个体之间相互合作生存、拥有重要社会纽带且可能有亲属关系的群体中，也存在暴力行为的例子，这正是本文的主要关注点。例如在建立和维持等级制度时，或者在杀婴行为中，（通常）外来雄性试图杀死群体中现有的幼崽。这种暴力看似自相矛盾，但实际上对于实施暴力的个体而言往往完全合乎逻辑，这与整个群体是不同的。我们从进化博弈论的角度讨论此类情况，同时也考虑更广泛的种间暴力问题。
