Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Imperial College London, UK.
Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010 Feb;26(1):21-8. doi: 10.1007/s10565-009-9144-8. Epub 2009 Dec 1.
Non-viral vectors are less efficient than the use of viral vectors for delivery of genetic material to cells in vitro and especially in vivo. However, viral vectors involve the use of foreign proteins that can stimulate both the innate and acquired immune response. In contrast, plasmid DNA can be delivered without carrier proteins and is non-immunogenic. Plasmid gene delivery can be enhanced by the use of physical methods that aid the passage of the plasmid through the cell membrane. Electroporation and microbubble-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most effective physical delivery methods and these can be applied to a range of different cell types in vitro and a broad range of tissues in vivo. Both techniques also have the advantage that, unlike viral vectors, they can be used to target specific tissues with systemic delivery. Although electroporation is often the more efficient of the two, microbubble-enhanced ultrasound causes less damage and is less invasive. This review provides an introduction to the methodology and summarises the range of cells and tissues that have been genetically modified using these techniques.
非病毒载体在将遗传物质递送到体外和体内细胞方面的效率低于病毒载体的使用。然而，病毒载体涉及使用可能刺激先天和获得性免疫反应的外源蛋白。相比之下，质粒 DNA 可以在没有载体蛋白的情况下递送，并且非免疫原性。通过使用有助于质粒穿过细胞膜的物理方法，可以增强质粒基因的传递。电穿孔和微泡增强超声是两种最有效的物理传递方法，它们可以应用于体外的一系列不同细胞类型和体内的广泛组织。这两种技术还有一个优点，即与病毒载体不同，它们可以用于通过全身递送靶向特定组织。尽管电穿孔通常是两种方法中效率更高的一种，但微泡增强超声造成的损伤更小，侵入性更小。本综述介绍了该方法，并总结了使用这些技术进行基因修饰的各种细胞和组织。
