Cell Growth Regulation Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4330, USA.
Oncogene. 2008 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S31-42. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.351.
The study of acute-transforming retroviruses and their oncogenes and of the multiple mechanisms deployed by DNA viruses to circumvent the growth-suppressive and proapoptotic function of tumor suppressor genes has provided the foundation of our current understanding of cancer biology. Unlike acute-transforming animal viruses, however, human tumor-associated viruses lead to malignancies with a prolonged latency and in conjunction with other environmental and host-related cooperating events. The relevance of viral infection to human cancer development has often been debated. We now know that at least six human viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and Kaposi's associated sarcoma virus (KSHV) contribute to 10-15% of the cancers worldwide. Hence, the opportunity exists to fight cancer at the global scale by preventing the spread of these viruses, by the development and distribution of effective and safe antiviral vaccines, and by identifying their oncogenic mechanism. Here, we discuss the molecular events underlying the neoplastic potential of the human tumor-associated viruses, with emphasis on the enigmatic KSHV and its numerous virally hijacked proangiogenic, immune-evasive and tumor-promoting genes. The emerging information may facilitate the development of new molecular-targeted approaches to prevent and treat virally associated human malignancies.
急性转化逆转录病毒及其癌基因的研究，以及 DNA 病毒为规避肿瘤抑制基因的生长抑制和促凋亡功能而采用的多种机制，为我们目前对癌症生物学的理解奠定了基础。然而，与急性转化的动物病毒不同，人类肿瘤相关病毒会导致恶性肿瘤，潜伏期较长，并且与其他环境和宿主相关的协同事件有关。病毒感染与人类癌症发展的相关性经常受到争议。我们现在知道，至少有六种人类病毒，即 Epstein-Barr 病毒（EBV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）、人类 T 细胞白血病病毒（HTLV-1）和卡波济肉瘤相关疱疹病毒（KSHV），导致全球 10-15%的癌症。因此，通过预防这些病毒的传播、开发和分发有效和安全的抗病毒疫苗，以及确定它们的致癌机制，有机会在全球范围内对抗癌症。在这里，我们讨论了人类肿瘤相关病毒的致癌潜力的分子事件，重点讨论了神秘的 KSHV 及其众多病毒劫持的促血管生成、免疫逃避和肿瘤促进基因。新出现的信息可能有助于开发新的针对分子靶点的方法来预防和治疗与病毒相关的人类恶性肿瘤。
