Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey.
Indoor Air. 2010 Apr;20(2):112-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00628.x. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
This study presents indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations measured during winter and summer in 15 homes in Kocaeli, which is one of the most industrialized areas in Turkey. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations and elemental composition were determined using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Quantitative information was obtained on mass concentrations and other characteristics such as seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio, PM2.5/PM10 ratio, correlations and sources. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were 29.8 and 23.5 microg/m(3) for the summer period, and 24.4 and 21.8 microg/m(3) for the winter period, respectively. Average indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations were 45.5 and 59.9 microg/m(3) for the summer period, and 56.9 and 102.3 microg/m(3) for the winter period, respectively. A varimax rotated factor analysis (FA) was performed separately on indoor and outdoor datasets in an effort to identify possible heavy metal sources of PM2.5 and PM10 particle fractions. FA of outdoor data produced source categories comprising polluted soil, industry, motor vehicles, and fossil fuel combustion for both PM fractions, while source categories determined for indoor data for both PM2.5 and PM10 comprised industry, polluted soil, motor vehicles, and smoking, with an additional source category of cooking activities detected for the PM2.5 fraction. Practical Implications In buildings close to industrial areas or traffic arteries, outdoor sources may have an important effect on indoor air pollution. Therefore, indoor and outdoor investigations should be conducted simultaneously to assess the relationship between indoor and outdoor pollution. This study presents the simultaneous measurement of PM fractions (PM2.5 and PM10) and their elemental compositions to determine the sources of respirable PM and the heavy metals bound to these particles in indoor air. Factor analysis of indoor data indicated that the contribution of outdoor pollutant sources to indoor pollution was about 70%, making these sources the most significant for indoor heavy metal pollution, wheras other sources of indoor pollution included smoking and cooking activities.
本研究在土耳其工业化程度最高的地区之一科贾埃利的 15 所住宅中，测量了冬季和夏季的室内/外 PM2.5 和 PM10 浓度。使用 X 射线荧光光谱仪测定室内和室外 PM2.5 和 PM10 的质量浓度和元素组成。获得了关于质量浓度和其他特征的定量信息，例如季节性变化、室内/外（I/O）比、PM2.5/PM10 比、相关性和来源。夏季室内和室外 PM2.5 浓度的平均值分别为 29.8 和 23.5μg/m(3)，冬季分别为 24.4 和 21.8μg/m(3)。夏季室内和室外 PM10 浓度的平均值分别为 45.5 和 59.9μg/m(3)，冬季分别为 56.9 和 102.3μg/m(3)。为了确定 PM2.5 和 PM10 颗粒分数可能的重金属来源，分别对室内和室外数据集进行了最大方差旋转因子分析（FA）。室外数据的 FA 产生了包含污染土壤、工业、机动车和化石燃料燃烧的源类别，适用于两个 PM 分数；而室内数据的 FA 确定了适用于两个 PM2.5 和 PM10 的源类别，包括工业、污染土壤、机动车和吸烟，PM2.5 分数还检测到烹饪活动的额外来源类别。实际意义在靠近工业区或交通动脉的建筑物中，室外来源可能对室内空气污染有重要影响。因此，应同时进行室内和室外调查，以评估室内和室外污染之间的关系。本研究同时测量了 PM 分数（PM2.5 和 PM10）及其元素组成，以确定可吸入 PM 的来源以及这些颗粒中结合的重金属。室内数据的因子分析表明，室外污染源对室内污染的贡献约为 70%，这使得这些来源对室内重金属污染最为重要，而室内污染的其他来源包括吸烟和烹饪活动。
