Brunekreef Bert, Janssen Nicole A H, de Hartog Jeroen J, Oldenwening Marieke, Meliefste Kees, Hoek Gerard, Lanki Timo, Timonen Kirsi L, Vallius Marko, Pekkanen Juha, Van Grieken Rene
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health (IRAS-EOH), Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2005 Jan(127):1-70; discussion 71-9.
The aim of the investigation was to assess the relations between pairs of personal, indoor, and outdoor levels of fine particles and their components with respect to effects for older subjects with cardiovascular disease. In the framework of a study funded by the European Union (Exposure and Risk Assessment for Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air; referred to as ULTRA)*, panel studies were conducted in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) and Helsinki (Finland). Concentrations of outdoor particulate matter 2.5 pm or smaller in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) were measured at a fixed site in each location. With HEI funding, each subject's personal and indoor PM2.5 exposure was measured every other week for 6 months during the 24-hour period preceding intensive health measurements. Particle reflectance was measured as a marker for diesel exhaust. Elemental content of more than 50% of the personal and indoor samples and all corresponding outdoor samples was measured using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Ion content (sulfate, nitrate) was measured using chromatography. For Amsterdam, 337 personal and 409 indoor measurements were collected from 37 subjects; for Helsinki, 336 personal and 503 indoor measurements were collected from 47 subjects. Median personal, indoor, and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were 13.6, 13.6, and 16.5 microg/m3 in Amsterdam and 9.2, 9.2, and 11.1 microg/m3 in Helsinki. In both cities, personal and indoor PM2.5 concentrations were lower than and highly correlated with outdoor concentrations (median correlation coefficient [R] 0.7-0.8). For most elements, personal and indoor concentrations were also highly correlated with outdoor concentrations. The highest correlations (median R > 0.9) were found for sulfur (S), sulfate, and particle reflectance (reported as the absorption coefficient). Reflectance was a useful proxy for elemental carbon (EC), but site-specific calibration with EC data is necessary. The findings of this study support using fixed-site measurements as a measure of exposure to PM in time-series studies linking the day-to-day variations in PM to the day-to-day variations in health endpoints, especially for components of PM that are generally associated with fine particles and have few indoor sources.
该调查的目的是评估个人、室内和室外细颗粒物及其成分水平之间的关系，以及这些关系对患有心血管疾病的老年受试者的影响。在一项由欧盟资助的研究（环境空气中细颗粒物和超细颗粒物的暴露与风险评估；简称为ULTRA）框架内，在阿姆斯特丹（荷兰）和赫尔辛基（芬兰）开展了小组研究。在每个地点的一个固定站点测量空气动力学直径为2.5微米或更小的室外颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度。在美国健康影响研究所（HEI）的资助下，在进行密集健康测量前的24小时期间，每两周对每位受试者的个人和室内PM2.5暴露情况进行一次为期6个月的测量。测量颗粒反射率作为柴油尾气的一个指标。使用X射线荧光（XRF）测量超过50%的个人和室内样本以及所有相应室外样本的元素含量。使用色谱法测量离子含量（硫酸盐、硝酸盐）。在阿姆斯特丹，从37名受试者中收集了337次个人测量数据和409次室内测量数据；在赫尔辛基，从47名受试者中收集了336次个人测量数据和503次室内测量数据。阿姆斯特丹个人、室内和室外PM2.5浓度中位数分别为13.6、13.6和16.5微克/立方米，赫尔辛基分别为9.2、9.2和11.1微克/立方米。在这两个城市，个人和室内PM2.5浓度均低于室外浓度且与室外浓度高度相关（中位数相关系数[R]为0.7 - 0.8）。对于大多数元素，个人和室内浓度也与室外浓度高度相关。硫（S）、硫酸盐和颗粒反射率（报告为吸收系数）的相关性最高（中位数R > 0.9）。反射率是元素碳（EC）的一个有用替代指标，但需要使用EC数据进行特定地点的校准。本研究结果支持在将PM的日常变化与健康终点的日常变化联系起来的时间序列研究中，使用固定站点测量作为PM暴露的一种测量方法，特别是对于通常与细颗粒物相关且室内来源较少的PM成分。
