The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Cell Mol Immunol. 2009 Dec;6(6):407-14. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2009.52.
The immune system has a remarkable ability to respond to seemingly endless antigens. In essence, a productive immune response takes place along a well defined but treacherous line, that is to effectively eradicate pathogens, and at the same time avoid causing damage to self organs. This type of response is fine-tuned, at least in part, by a complex array of pathways that either promote or inhibit the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Much effort has been focused on pathways that can support immune activation. In this article, we review specifically pathways that can inhibit immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis, highlighting our recent understanding on the role of inhibitory receptors that selectively engage the self MHC class I molecules and the B7 superfamily members, we also discuss the inhibitory Fc receptors and inhibitory cytokines and how such pathways, either individually or collectively, regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, we summarize new emerging approaches on how such negative pathways can be therapeutically modulated in various disease settings.
免疫系统具有应对看似无穷无尽的抗原的惊人能力。从本质上讲，有效的免疫反应沿着一条明确但危险的线发生，即有效消除病原体，同时避免对自身器官造成损害。这种类型的反应是经过微调的，至少部分是通过一系列促进或抑制先天和适应性免疫细胞激活的复杂途径。人们已经在努力研究能够支持免疫激活的途径。在本文中，我们专门回顾了可以抑制免疫反应并维持免疫稳态的途径，强调了我们对选择性结合自身 MHC Ⅰ类分子和 B7 超家族成员的抑制性受体的最新理解，我们还讨论了抑制性 Fc 受体和抑制性细胞因子，以及这些途径如何单独或共同调节先天和适应性免疫反应。最后，我们总结了在各种疾病情况下如何对这些负性途径进行治疗调节的新出现的方法。
