Department of Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Vaccine. 2010 Feb 3;28(5):1138-47. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.008. Epub 2009 Dec 14.
Given the increased attention on the need for booster immunizations of older children and adolescents, as well as new primary vaccine series that specifically target school-age children and adolescents, we reviewed the current state of vaccine delivery to school-age children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.
We searched the published literature and unpublished sources for articles, meeting presentations, technical reports and program documents related to immunization policies and programs for school-age children and/or adolescents between 6 and 19 years of age in low- and middle-income countries.
We found several examples of ongoing school-age children and adolescent immunization in low- and middle-income countries. Reasons to vaccinate this age group include vaccines specifically targeted for this age group, waning immunity from prior vaccination, "catch-up" vaccination, acceleration of disease control or elimination efforts, and age distribution shift in the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. Multiple delivery strategies are currently in use: routine immunization, supplementary immunization activities, and Child Health Days and similar activities. Vaccines can be delivered in fixed sites, or through outreach. Most immunization programs that target adolescents and school-aged children are providing boosters of infant vaccines at school entry age, with scant experience in delivery of primary vaccination series in adolescents. Few of these programs have been formally evaluated and dissemination of lessons learned is limited.
This baseline description may facilitate immunization program planning in countries considering vaccinating this age group. Additionally, this summary may inform plans for operational research and program evaluation designed to expand vaccine delivery to school-age children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.
鉴于人们越来越关注为大龄儿童和青少年加强免疫，以及新的基础疫苗系列专门针对学龄儿童和青少年，我们审查了低收入和中等收入国家为学龄儿童和青少年提供疫苗接种的现状。
我们搜索了已发表的文献和未发表的资源，包括与低收入和中等收入国家 6 至 19 岁儿童和青少年的免疫政策和计划相关的文章、会议演讲、技术报告和计划文件。
我们发现了一些低收入和中等收入国家正在进行的学龄儿童和青少年免疫接种的例子。为该年龄组接种疫苗的原因包括专门针对该年龄组的疫苗、先前接种疫苗的免疫力下降、“补种”疫苗、加速疾病控制或消除工作以及疫苗可预防疾病发病率的年龄分布变化。目前正在使用多种接种策略：常规免疫、补充免疫活动以及儿童健康日和类似活动。疫苗可以在固定地点接种，也可以通过上门接种。大多数针对青少年和学龄儿童的免疫规划都在入学年龄时为婴儿疫苗提供加强针，但在为青少年提供基础疫苗接种方面经验甚少。这些方案中很少有经过正式评估，传播经验教训的范围有限。
这一基线描述可能有助于计划为该年龄组接种疫苗的国家进行免疫规划。此外，本摘要还可为旨在扩大向低收入和中等收入国家的学龄儿童和青少年提供疫苗接种的运营研究和规划评估计划提供信息。
