United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
J Chem Ecol. 2009 Dec;35(12):1461-70. doi: 10.1007/s10886-009-9721-6. Epub 2009 Dec 15.
Four repellents representing different modes of action (neophobia, irritation, conditioned aversion, and flavor modification) were tested with captive white-tailed deer in a series of two-choice tests. Two diets differing significantly in energy content were employed in choice tests so that incentive to consume repellent-treated diets varied according to which diet was treated. When the high-energy diet was treated with repellents, only blood (flavor modification) and capsaicin (irritation) proved highly effective. Rapid habituation to the odor of meat and bone meal (neophobia) presented in a sachet limited its effectiveness as a repellent under conditions with a high feeding motivation. Thiram, a stimulus used to condition aversions, was not strongly avoided in these trials, that included only limited exposures to the repellent. These data support previous studies indicating that habituation to odor limits the effectiveness of repellents that are not applied directly to food, while topically-applied irritants and animal-based products produce significant avoidance.
四种驱虫剂（驱避剂）分别代表不同的驱避机制（新物反应、刺激、条件反射和味觉修饰），对圈养白尾鹿进行了一系列二选一测试。在选择测试中，使用了两种能量含量差异显著的饮食，因此根据哪种饮食经过处理，摄入经过驱虫剂处理的饮食的动机也会有所不同。当高能饮食中添加驱虫剂时，只有血粉（味觉修饰）和辣椒素（刺激）被证明非常有效。肉骨粉（新物反应）在小袋中散发的气味很快被习惯，这限制了其在高进食动机条件下作为驱虫剂的有效性。在这些试验中，噻虫胺（一种用于条件反射的刺激物）并没有被强烈回避，这是因为它们只接触了有限的驱虫剂。这些数据支持了之前的研究，表明对气味的习惯会限制不直接应用于食物的驱虫剂的有效性，而局部应用的刺激物和动物源性产品会产生明显的回避。
