Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Bldg., Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
Chemosphere. 2010 Jan;78(4):368-74. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.017. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
Over the past 5 years numerous toxicity studies in California using the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, have reported that pyrethroid insecticides, and less frequently the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, have been responsible for observed toxicity. As work continues to characterize and mitigate these water quality impacts, an approach is needed to screen samples exhibiting toxicity quickly and cost-effectively to establish if these same substances are again responsible, or if other, more atypical toxicants are responsible. Causality is often determined by a standard toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), but when there is strong historical evidence of a likely toxicant, we propose use of a focused TIE procedure to screen samples using manipulations specifically designed to identify pyrethroid- or chlorpyrifos-related toxicity. The focused tests use reduced temperature, piperonyl butoxide addition, and engineered enzymes specifically designed to hydrolyze certain pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. The target compounds exhibit unique response profiles to this battery of manipulations, distinct from each other and other non-insecticides. When used in conjunction with analytical chemistry data, the focused approach was successful in identifying cause of toxicity in a variety of urban and agricultural settings.
在过去的 5 年中，加利福尼亚州使用溞属（Hyalella azteca）进行了大量毒性研究，报告称拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂，以及较少见的有机磷杀虫剂氯吡硫磷，是造成观察到的毒性的原因。随着工作的继续，需要采取一种方法来快速且经济有效地筛选表现出毒性的样本，以确定是否再次是这些相同的物质负责，还是其他更典型的有毒物质负责。因果关系通常通过标准毒性识别评估（TIE）来确定，但当有强烈的历史证据表明存在可能的有毒物质时，我们建议使用重点 TIE 程序来筛选样本，使用专门设计用于识别拟除虫菊酯或氯吡硫磷相关毒性的操作。重点测试使用降低的温度、增效醚添加和专门设计用于水解某些拟除虫菊酯和有机磷杀虫剂的工程酶。目标化合物对这组操作表现出独特的反应谱，与彼此和其他非杀虫剂不同。当与分析化学数据结合使用时，该重点方法成功地确定了各种城市和农业环境中毒性的原因。
