Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Bldg., Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Mar 1;44(5):1833-40. doi: 10.1021/es9035573.
While studies have documented the presence of pyrethroid insecticides at acutely toxic concentrations in sediments, little quantitative data on sources exist. Urban runoff, municipal wastewater treatment plants and agricultural drains in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta were sampled to understand their importance as contributors of these pesticides to surface waters. Nearly all residential runoff samples were toxic to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and contained pyrethroids at concentrations exceeding acutely toxic thresholds, in many cases by 10-fold. Toxicity identification evaluation data were consistent with pyrethroids, particularly bifenthrin and cyfluthrin, as the cause of toxicity. Pyrethroids passed through secondary treatment systems at municipal wastewater treatment facilities and were commonly found in the final effluent, usually near H. azteca 96-h EC(50) thresholds. Agricultural discharges in the study area only occasionally contained pyrethroids and were also occasional sources of toxicity related to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. Discharge of the pyrethroid bifenthrin via urban stormwater runoff was sufficient to cause water column toxicity in two urban creeks, over at least a 30 km reach of the American River, and at one site in the San Joaquin River, though not in the Sacramento River.
虽然研究已经记录了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在沉积物中存在急性毒性浓度，但关于其来源的定量数据很少。本研究对加利福尼亚州萨克拉门托-圣华金河三角洲的城市径流、城市污水处理厂和农业排水进行了采样，以了解它们作为这些农药进入地表水的重要来源。几乎所有的住宅径流样本对溞属（Hyalella azteca）甲壳动物都具有毒性，并且含有拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂，其浓度超过急性毒性阈值，在许多情况下超过 10 倍。毒性鉴定评估数据与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂，特别是联苯菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯，具有一致性，是毒性的原因。拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂通过城市污水处理厂的二级处理系统，并在最终排放物中普遍存在，通常在 H. azteca 96-h EC（50）阈值附近。研究区域的农业排放物偶尔含有拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂，也是与有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱相关毒性的偶尔来源。通过城市雨水径流排放的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂联苯菊酯，足以在至少 30 公里长的美国河的两条城市溪流以及圣华金河的一个地点引起水柱毒性，但在萨克拉门托河没有引起。
