Ghent University, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
J Environ Manage. 2010 Mar-Apr;91(4):940-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.11.012. Epub 2009 Dec 21.
This paper analyses some potential security risks, concerning terrorism or more mundane forms of crime, such as fraud, in management of nuclear waste using a PEST scan (of political, economic, social and technical issues) and some insights of criminologists on crime prevention. Nuclear waste arises as spent fuel from ongoing energy generation or other nuclear operations, operational contamination or emissions, and decommissioning of obsolescent facilities. In international and EU political contexts, nuclear waste management is a sensitive issue, regulated specifically as part of the nuclear industry as well as in terms of hazardous waste policies. The industry involves state, commercial and mixed public-private bodies. The social and cultural dimensions--risk, uncertainty, and future generations--resonate more deeply here than in any other aspect of waste management. The paper argues that certain tendencies in regulation of the industry, claimed to be justified on security grounds, are decreasing transparency and veracity of reporting, opening up invisible spaces for management frauds, and in doing allowing a culture of impunity in which more serious criminal or terrorist risks could arise. What is needed is analysis of this 'exceptional' industry in terms of the normal cannons of risk assessment - a task that this paper begins.
本文通过 pest 分析（政治、经济、社会和技术问题）和犯罪学家对预防犯罪的一些见解，分析了在管理核废料过程中可能存在的一些安全风险，包括恐怖主义或更常见的犯罪形式，如欺诈。核废料是由正在进行的能源生产或其他核活动、运行中的污染或排放以及过时设施的退役产生的用过的燃料。在国际和欧盟政治背景下，核废料管理是一个敏感问题，具体规定为核工业的一部分，以及危险废物政策的一部分。该行业涉及国家、商业和混合公私机构。社会和文化层面——风险、不确定性和后代——比废物管理的任何其他方面都更能引起共鸣。本文认为，某些行业监管中的倾向，声称是出于安全原因，正在降低报告的透明度和真实性，为管理欺诈开辟了无形的空间，并在这样做的过程中允许有罪不罚的文化，从而可能产生更严重的犯罪或恐怖主义风险。需要根据风险评估的正常标准分析这个“特殊”行业——本文开始了这项任务。
