精神分裂症的学习和泛化：疾病和抗精神病药物治疗的影响。
Learning and generalization in schizophrenia: effects of disease and antipsychotic drug treatment.
机构信息
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
出版信息
Biol Psychiatry. 2010 May 15;67(10):926-32. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.025. Epub 2009 Dec 24.
BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia involves alterations in hippocampal function. The implications of these alterations for memory function in the illness remain poorly understood. Furthermore, it remains unknown how memory is impacted by drug treatments for schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to delineate specific memory processes that are disrupted in schizophrenia and explore how they are affected by medication. We specifically focus on memory generalization--the ability to flexibly generalize memories in novel situations.
METHODS
Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 56) and healthy control subjects (n = 20) were tested on a computerized memory generalization paradigm. Participants first engaged in trial-by-error associative learning. They were then asked to generalize what they learned by responding to novel stimulus combinations. Individuals with schizophrenia were tested on or off antipsychotic medication, using a between-subject design in order to eliminate concerns about learning-set effects.
RESULTS
Individuals with schizophrenia were selectively impaired in their ability to generalize knowledge, despite having intact learning and memory accuracy. This impairment was found only in individuals tested off medication. Individuals tested on medication generalized almost as well as healthy control subjects. This between-group difference was selective to memory generalization.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that individuals with schizophrenia have a selective alteration in the ability to flexibly generalize past experience toward novel learning environments. This alteration is unaccompanied by global memory impairments. Additionally, the results indicate a robust generalization difference on the basis of medication status. These results suggest that hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenia might be alleviated with antipsychotic medication, with important implications for understanding adaptive memory-guided behavior.
背景
精神分裂症涉及海马功能的改变。这些改变对疾病中记忆功能的影响仍知之甚少。此外，尚不清楚抗精神分裂症药物治疗如何影响记忆。本研究的目的是描绘精神分裂症中受损的特定记忆过程，并探讨它们如何受药物影响。我们特别关注记忆泛化——即在新情境中灵活泛化记忆的能力。
方法
精神分裂症患者（n=56）和健康对照者（n=20）在计算机记忆泛化范式上接受测试。参与者首先进行试误联想学习。然后，他们被要求通过对新的刺激组合做出反应来泛化所学内容。使用基于被试的设计对精神分裂症患者进行抗精神病药物治疗或不治疗，以消除对学习集效应的担忧。
结果
尽管学习和记忆准确性完好，但精神分裂症患者在知识泛化能力上存在选择性缺陷。这种损害仅在未接受药物治疗的个体中发现。接受药物治疗的个体的泛化能力几乎与健康对照组一样好。这种组间差异是对记忆泛化的选择性。
结论
这些发现表明，精神分裂症患者在灵活地将过去的经验泛化到新的学习环境的能力上存在选择性改变。这种改变不伴有全局记忆障碍。此外，结果表明基于药物状态的泛化差异很大。这些结果表明，精神分裂症中海马异常可能通过抗精神病药物治疗得到缓解，这对理解适应性记忆指导行为具有重要意义。
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