York University.
Dev Psychol. 2010 Jan;46(1):93-105. doi: 10.1037/a0015466.
In 3 experiments, a total of 151 monolingual and bilingual 6-year-old children performed similarly on measures of language and cognitive ability; however, bilinguals solved the global-local and trail-making tasks more rapidly than monolinguals. This bilingual advantage was found not only for the traditionally demanding conditions (incongruent global-local trials and Trails B) but also for the conditions not usually considered to be cognitively demanding (congruent global-local trials and Trails A). All the children performed similarly when congruent trials were presented in a single block or when perceptually simple stimuli were used, ruling out speed differences between the groups. The results demonstrate a bilingual advantage in processing complex stimuli in tasks that require executive processing components for conflict resolution, including switching and updating, even when no inhibition appears to be involved. They also suggest that simple conditions of the trail-making and global-local tasks involve some level of effortful processing for young children. Finally, the bilingual advantage in the trail-making task suggests that the interpretation of standardized measures of executive control needs to be reconsidered for children with specific experiences, such as bilingualism.
在 3 项实验中，共有 151 名单语和双语 6 岁儿童在语言和认知能力方面表现相似；然而，双语者在解决全局-局部和连线测试任务方面比单语者更快。这种双语优势不仅在传统要求较高的条件（不一致的全局-局部试验和连线测试 B）下存在，而且在通常不被认为具有认知要求的条件（一致的全局-局部试验和连线测试 A）下也存在。当一致的试验呈现在单个块中或使用感知简单的刺激时，所有儿童的表现都相似，排除了两组之间的速度差异。结果表明，即使不存在抑制，双语者在处理需要执行处理成分解决冲突的复杂刺激方面具有优势，包括转换和更新。它们还表明，即使在简单条件下，连线测试和全局-局部任务也需要儿童付出一定程度的努力处理。最后，连线测试中的双语优势表明，对于具有特定经验（如双语）的儿童，需要重新考虑执行控制的标准化测量的解释。
