Hess Ursula, Adams Reginald B, Grammer Karl, Kleck Robert E
University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada.
J Vis. 2009 Nov 24;9(12):19.1-8. doi: 10.1167/9.12.19.
Certain features of facial appearance perceptually resemble expressive cues related to facial displays of emotion. We hypothesized that because expressive markers of anger (such as lowered eyebrows) overlap with perceptual markers of male sex, perceivers would identify androgynous angry faces as more likely to be a man than a woman (Study 1) and would be slower to classify an angry woman as a woman than an angry man as a man (Study 2). Conversely, we hypothesized that because perceptual features of fear (raised eyebrows) and happiness (a rounded smiling face) overlap with female sex markers, perceivers would be more likely to identify an androgynous face showing these emotions as a woman than as a man (Study 1) and would be slower to identify happy and fearful men as men than happy and fearful women as women (Study 2). The results of the two studies showed that happiness and fear expressions bias sex discrimination toward the female, whereas anger expressions bias sex perception toward the male.
面部外观的某些特征在感知上类似于与面部情绪表达相关的线索。我们假设，由于愤怒的表达特征（如眉毛下垂）与男性的感知特征重叠，感知者会认为雌雄同体的愤怒面孔更有可能是男性而非女性（研究1），并且将愤怒的女性归类为女性比将愤怒的男性归类为男性的速度更慢（研究2）。相反，我们假设，由于恐惧（眉毛上扬）和快乐（圆润的笑脸）的感知特征与女性特征重叠，感知者更有可能将表现出这些情绪的雌雄同体面孔识别为女性而非男性（研究1），并且将快乐的男性和恐惧的男性识别为男性比将快乐的女性和恐惧的女性识别为女性的速度更慢（研究2）。两项研究的结果表明，快乐和恐惧表情使性别歧视偏向女性，而愤怒表情使性别认知偏向男性。
