Giles-Vernick T
Unité d'epidémiologie des maladies emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Parassitologia. 2008 Dec;50(3-4):281-90.
This essay examines how knowledge and practices around entomology and parasitology travelled and the consequences of their mobility. In exploring three anti-malaria campaigns in French Soudan before 1960, it argues that the history of medical entomology's travels entailed multiple temporal, spatial, social translations that African medical personnel, intellectuals, healers, and farmers in French Soudan reinterpreted, appropriated, and sometimes wholly rejected. This essay also focuses on "erroneous" translations, detailing how and why middle class medical personnel and intellectuals interpreted and reformulated farmers' and healers' diagnostic categories that may or may not be malaria. Anti-mosquito and antilarval interventions, and more generally anti-malaria interventions, influenced how African colonial subjects and health workers understood certain vectors and of certain maladies. These understandings, in turn, shaped the consequences of subsequent public health measures. Histories of translated parasitological and entomological knowledge and etiologies of illness have critical implications for contemporary malaria control efforts: interventions to reduce malaria transmission through various kinds of entomological controls that require active participation of local populations cannot be effective if all participants cannot agree upon what is being controlled or prevented.
本文探讨了围绕昆虫学和寄生虫学的知识与实践是如何传播的，以及它们流动所产生的后果。在探究1960年前法属苏丹的三次抗疟运动时，本文认为医学昆虫学传播的历史涉及多种时间、空间和社会层面的转变，法属苏丹的非洲医务人员、知识分子、治疗师和农民对这些转变进行了重新诠释、挪用，有时还完全拒绝。本文还聚焦于“错误”的转变，详细阐述了中产阶级医务人员和知识分子如何以及为何对农民和治疗师可能是或可能不是疟疾的诊断类别进行诠释和重新表述。灭蚊和灭幼虫干预措施，以及更广泛的抗疟干预措施，影响了非洲殖民地臣民和卫生工作者对某些病媒和某些疾病的理解。反过来，这些理解又塑造了后续公共卫生措施的结果。寄生虫学和昆虫学知识及疾病病因的转变历史对当代疟疾防治工作具有至关重要的意义：如果所有参与者不能就所控制或预防的内容达成一致，那么通过各种需要当地居民积极参与的昆虫学控制措施来减少疟疾传播的干预措施就不会有效。
