Lead attenuates the antipunishment effects of ethanol.

Adult male rats were exposed to a diet containing no added chemicals, or a diet containing 500 ppm added lead (as lead acetate), for 70 days. On Day 71 (training day), after 24 h of water deprivation, all animals were placed in a test apparatus and permitted to make 220 licks for a 5.5 percent (v/v) sucrose in water solution. On Day 72 (test day), all animals received conditioned punishment training where electric shock was delivered to the tongue following every 20 licks of the sucrose and water solution. Prior to commencing punishment training on Day 72, half the animals for the control diet condition (Group Control-Diet-Saline), and half the animals for the lead diet condition (Group Lead-Diet-Saline), received IP injections of saline. Conversely, the remaining half of the animals (Groups Control-Diet-Ethanol and Lead-Diet-Ethanol) received IP injections of 1.5 g/kg ethanol. The results of the conditioned punishment test revealed that animals exposed to a control diet and administered ethanol (Group Control-Diet-Ethanol) engaged in more punished licking and received more shocks than their lead-treated counterparts (Group Lead-Diet-Ethanol). Both of the groups exhibited more punished licking and received more shocks than either of the groups that received saline injections. The possibility that lead contamination may reduce the pharmacologic impact of ethanol is noted.