Circadian timekeeping and multiple timescale neuroendocrine rhythms.

The hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland regulate major functions such as reproduction, as well as body growth and metabolism. Their efficiency of action highly depends on their temporal profile of release in the blood stream. This review summarises the recent evidence suggesting that the circadian clock genes that pace our daily rhythms may also contribute to the regulation of pituitary pulsatility, even in the non 24-h range. This inter-relation between molecular circadian oscillators and endocrine rhythmicities is discussed in light of the longstanding literature that has considered the involvement of the central circadian pacemaker located within the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Other arguments that suggest a role for circadian clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei are also presented, with a special emphasis on endocrine pituitary cells and hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurones that directly pace pituitary secretion rates.