玛格丽特·肯纳德（1899-1975）：不是大脑可塑性的“原则”，而是发展神经心理学的奠基人之一。
Margaret Kennard (1899-1975): not a 'principle' of brain plasticity but a founding mother of developmental neuropsychology.
机构信息
Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
出版信息
Cortex. 2010 Sep;46(8):1043-59. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.10.008. Epub 2009 Oct 29.
According to the 'Kennard Principle', there is a negative linear relation between age at brain injury and functional outcome. Other things being equal, the younger the lesioned organism, the better the outcome. But the 'Kennard Principle' is neither Kennard's nor a principle. In her work, Kennard sought to explain the factors that predicted functional outcome (age, to be sure, but also staging, laterality, location, and number of brain lesions, and outcome domain) and the neural mechanisms that altered the lesioned brain's functionality. This paper discusses Kennard's life and years at Yale (1931-1943); considers the genesis and scope of her work on early-onset brain lesions, which represents an empirical and theoretical foundation for current developmental neuropsychology; offers an historical explanation of why the 'Kennard Principle' emerged in the context of early 1970s work on brain plasticity; shows why uncritical belief in the 'Kennard Principle' continues to shape current research and practice; and reviews the continuing importance of her work.
根据“Kennard 原则”，脑损伤时的年龄与功能结果之间存在负线性关系。在其他条件相同的情况下，受损生物体越年轻，结果越好。但“Kennard 原则”既不是 Kennard 的，也不是一个原则。在她的工作中，Kennard 试图解释预测功能结果的因素（当然是年龄，但还有分期、偏侧性、位置、脑损伤的数量以及结果领域）以及改变受损大脑功能的神经机制。本文讨论了 Kennard 在耶鲁大学的生活和工作（1931-1943 年）；考虑了她对早发性脑损伤工作的起源和范围，这为当前发展神经心理学提供了经验和理论基础；解释了为什么“Kennard 原则”会在 20 世纪 70 年代早期关于大脑可塑性的工作背景下出现；表明为什么对“Kennard 原则”的盲目信仰继续塑造当前的研究和实践；并回顾了她的工作的持续重要性。
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