Nitrate signaling: adaptation to fluctuating environments.

Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is a key nutrient as well as a signaling molecule that impacts both metabolism and development of plants. Understanding the complexity of the regulatory networks that control nitrate uptake, metabolism, and associated responses has the potential to provide solutions that address the major issues of nitrate pollution and toxicity that threaten agricultural and ecological sustainability and human health. Recently, major advances have been made in cataloguing the nitrate transcriptome and in identifying key components that mediate nitrate signaling. In this perspective, we describe the genes involved in nitrate regulation and how they influence nitrate transport and assimilation, and we discuss the role of systems biology approaches in elucidating the gene networks involved in NO(3)(-) signaling adaptation to fluctuating environments.