Methylglyoxal (MG) is a metabolite of glucose. The serum MG level is increased in diabetic patients, and MG is implicated in diabetic complications related to embryonic development injury. We previously reported cytotoxic effects of MG on mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts, and a further association with defects in subsequent development. Here, we further investigate the effects of MG on oocyte maturation and subsequent pre- and post-implantation development, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, MG induced a significant reduction in the rate of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and in vitro embryonic development. Treatment of oocytes with MG during in vitro maturation (IVM) led to increased resorption of post-implantation embryos and decreased fetal weight. Experiments with an in vivo mouse model disclosed that consumption of drinking water containing 10-20 microM MG led to decreased oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization, as well as early embryonic developmental injury. Finally, pretreatment with a caspase-3-specific inhibitor effectively prevented MG-triggered injury effects, suggesting that embryo impairment by MG occurs via a caspase-dependent apoptotic process.