Aluminum adjuvants: preparation, application, dosage, and formulation with antigen.

Important new knowledge about the effect of aluminum adjuvants on the immune response in terms of their impact on cytokine profiles, uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC), and surface marker expression has been published in recent years. However, although the knowledge about these adjuvants is thus more comprehensive now than ever before, the user is often still confined to a more empirical approach when confronted with practical issues when it comes to the handling and use of these adjuvants. In this chapter we have given focus to the user's perspective, discussing practicalities like dosage, temperature stability, relevant monographs, and preparation with antigen.