Baydala L, Wikman E
Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta.
Paediatr Child Health. 2001 Sep;6(7):451-5. doi: 10.1093/pch/6.7.451.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural disorder characterized by an inappropriate level of inattention with or without impulsivity or overactivity. The estimated prevalence of ADHD is 7% to 10% in boys and 3% in girls aged four to 11 years. The higher prevalence in boys is believed to be the result of a referral bias because boys with ADHD are more disruptive and aggressive, and, therefore, more likely to be referred to specialty clinics. ADHD is caused by a combination of biological - often genetically determined neurochemical disturbances - and environmental disadvantages that are associated with learning difficulties, behavioural problems and social rejection. The identification and treatment of children with ADHD are essential in preventing or at least minimizing the serious complications associated with this disorder. Stimulant medications are the most effective means of symptomatic control of ADHD symptoms, and the safety and efficacy of these medications is well established in the literature. Despite the known efficacy of stimulant medications, alternatives are often sought by parents of children with ADHD. A number of alternative and controversial treatments for ADHD are available, including dietary management, nutritional supplementation, vision therapy, hypnotherapy, guided imagery, relaxation training and electroencephalogram (EEG) neurofeedback. Published well controlled scientific studies either to support or refute the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback for children with ADHD are not available. At the present time, EEG neurofeedback needs to be considered as an experimental treatment, the validity of which has not yet been determined.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种行为障碍，其特征是注意力不集中程度不当，伴有或不伴有冲动或多动。据估计，4至11岁男孩中ADHD的患病率为7%至10%，女孩为3%。男孩患病率较高被认为是转诊偏倚的结果，因为患有ADHD的男孩更具破坏性和攻击性，因此更有可能被转诊至专科诊所。ADHD是由生物学因素（通常是基因决定的神经化学紊乱）和环境劣势共同导致的，这些环境劣势与学习困难、行为问题和社会排斥有关。识别和治疗ADHD儿童对于预防或至少减少与该疾病相关的严重并发症至关重要。兴奋剂药物是控制ADHD症状最有效的方法，这些药物的安全性和有效性在文献中已有充分证实。尽管兴奋剂药物的疗效已为人所知，但ADHD儿童的家长仍常常寻求其他替代方法。目前有多种针对ADHD的替代且有争议的治疗方法，包括饮食管理、营养补充、视力治疗、催眠疗法、引导式意象、放松训练和脑电图（EEG）神经反馈。目前尚无已发表的对照良好的科学研究来支持或反驳EEG神经反馈对ADHD儿童的有效性。目前，EEG神经反馈应被视为一种实验性治疗方法，其有效性尚未确定。
