Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
Surg Clin North Am. 2010 Feb;90(1):1-15, Table of Contents. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2009.09.001.
The rectum and anal canal form the last portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The rectum serves as a reservoir for fecal contents, and the anal canal regulates continence and defecation via synchronization of events regulated by complex interactions between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, striated and smooth muscle, and environmental factors. Normal function can be compromised by various pathologies. Investigation into these pathologies includes a detailed history and thorough physical exam and can be augmented by a number of different studies, including manometry, electromyelography, defecography, nerve stimulation, and compliance. Some of these techniques have incorporated the use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.
直肠和肛管形成了胃肠道的最后一部分。直肠作为粪便储存的部位，肛管通过协调受自主神经和副交感神经、横纹肌和平滑肌以及环境因素复杂相互作用调节的事件来控制便意和排便。各种病理情况可导致正常功能受损。这些病理情况的检查包括详细的病史和彻底的体格检查，并可通过多种不同的研究来增强，包括测压法、肌电图、排粪造影、神经刺激和顺应性。其中一些技术已经结合了超声和磁共振成像的应用。
