National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA.
Environ Res. 2010 Apr;110(3):294-301. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.001. Epub 2010 Feb 1.
Air pollution exposure has been linked to adverse respiratory health outcomes among children, primarily in studies of acute exposures that are often in limited geographic areas. We sought to assess the association between chronic outdoor air pollution exposure, as measured by 12-month averages by county, and asthma among children in metropolitan areas across the nation.
Eligible children included those aged 3-17 years residing in US metropolitan areas who were sampled in the 2001-2004 National Health Interview Survey (N=34,073). 12-month average air pollutant levels for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and particulate matter were compiled by county for 2000-2004. Eligible children were linked to pollutant levels for the previous 12 months for their county of residence. Adjusted odds ratios of having current asthma or an asthma attack in the past 12 months were estimated in single pollutant logistic regression models.
Children in counties with ozone and, to a less consistent degree, particulate matter levels in the highest quartile were more likely to have current asthma and/or a recent asthma attack than children residing in counties with the lowest pollution levels; the adjusted odds for current asthma for the highest quartile of estimated ozone exposure was 1.56 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15, 2.10) and for recent asthma attack 1.38 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.91). No associations were found with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide levels.
Although the current US standard for ozone is based on short-term exposure, this cross-sectional study suggests that chronic (12-month) exposure to ozone and particles is related to asthma outcomes among children in metropolitan areas throughout the US.
空气污染暴露与儿童不良呼吸健康结果有关，主要是在研究急性暴露的研究中，这些研究通常在有限的地理区域内进行。我们试图评估通过县的 12 个月平均值衡量的慢性户外空气污染暴露与全国大都市地区儿童哮喘之间的关系。
合格的儿童包括居住在美国大都市地区、年龄在 3-17 岁之间的儿童，他们在 2001-2004 年全国健康访谈调查中被抽样调查（n=34073）。2000-2004 年按县编制了二氧化硫、二氧化氮、臭氧和颗粒物的 12 个月平均空气污染物水平。符合条件的儿童与居住县的前 12 个月的污染物水平相联系。在单污染物逻辑回归模型中，估计了过去 12 个月中当前哮喘或哮喘发作的调整后优势比。
与居住在污染水平最低的县的儿童相比，居住在臭氧和（不太一致的程度）颗粒物水平最高四分位数的县的儿童更有可能患有当前哮喘和/或最近的哮喘发作；最高四分位数估计的臭氧暴露的当前哮喘的调整优势比为 1.56（95%置信区间[CI]：1.15，2.10），最近哮喘发作的调整优势比为 1.38（95% CI：0.99，1.91）。与二氧化硫或二氧化氮水平没有发现关联。
尽管目前美国的臭氧标准是基于短期暴露，但这项横断面研究表明，美国大都市地区儿童的慢性（12 个月）臭氧和颗粒物暴露与哮喘结果有关。
