Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Mar 15;44(6):1918-25. doi: 10.1021/es9022706.
Antidepressant pharmaceuticals are widely prescribed in the United States; release of municipal wastewater effluent is a primary route introducing them to aquatic environments, where little is known about their distribution and fate. Water, bed sediment, and brain tissue from native white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) were collected upstream and at points progressively downstream from outfalls discharging to two effluent-impacted streams, Boulder Creek (Colorado) and Fourmile Creek (Iowa). A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was used to quantify antidepressants, including fluoxetine, norfluoxetine (degradate), sertraline, norsertraline (degradate), paroxetine, citalopram, fluvoxamine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, and bupropion in all three sample matrices. Antidepressants were not present above the limit of quantitation in water samples upstream from the effluent outfalls but were present at points downstream at ng/L concentrations, even at the farthest downstream sampling site 8.4 km downstream from the outfall. The antidepressants with the highest measured concentrations in both streams were venlafaxine, bupropion, and citalopram and typically were observed at concentrations of at least an order of magnitude greater than the more commonly investigated antidepressants fluoxetine and sertraline. Concentrations of antidepressants in bed sediment were measured at ng/g levels; venlafaxine and fluoxetine were the predominant chemicals observed. Fluoxetine, sertraline, and their degradates were the principal antidepressants observed in fish brain tissue, typically at low ng/g concentrations. A qualitatively different antidepressant profile was observed in brain tissue compared to streamwater samples. This study documents that wastewater effluent can be a point source of antidepressants to stream ecosystems and that the qualitative composition of antidepressants in brain tissue from exposed fish differs substantially from the compositions observed in streamwater and sediment, suggesting selective uptake.
抗抑郁药在 美国被广泛应用；城市污水排放是将其引入水生环境的主要途径，而对于它们在该环境中的分布和归宿，人们知之甚少。采集了原产于白吸盘鱼（Catostomus commersoni）的水样、底泥和脑组织，这些鱼分别采集于排污口上游和两个受污水影响的溪流（科罗拉多州的博尔德溪和爱荷华州的四英里溪）的下游点。采用液相色谱/串联质谱法测定水样、底泥和脑组织中的抗抑郁药，包括氟西汀、去甲氟西汀（降解产物）、舍曲林、去甲舍曲林（降解产物）、帕罗西汀、西酞普兰、氟伏沙明、度洛西汀、文拉法辛和安非他酮。在排污口上游的水样中，这些抗抑郁药均未检出，但在下游点，即使在距离排污口最远的下游采样点（8.4 公里处），仍以 ng/L 浓度存在。在这两个溪流中，浓度最高的抗抑郁药是文拉法辛、安非他酮和西酞普兰，通常比氟西汀和舍曲林等更常见的抗抑郁药浓度高至少一个数量级。在底泥中，以 ng/g 水平测量了抗抑郁药的浓度；文拉法辛和氟西汀是观察到的主要化学物质。在鱼脑组织中，主要观察到氟西汀、舍曲林及其降解产物，浓度通常较低，为 ng/g 级。与溪流水样相比，脑组织中观察到的抗抑郁药谱有明显的不同。本研究表明，污水排放可能是抗抑郁药进入溪流生态系统的一个点污染源，而且暴露于抗抑郁药的鱼类脑组织中抗抑郁药的组成与溪流和底泥中的组成有很大不同，表明存在选择性吸收。
