The spatial and temporal dynamics of anticipatory preparation and response inhibition in task-switching.

We investigated ERP and fMRI correlates of anticipatory preparation and response inhibition in a cued task-switching paradigm with informatively cued, non-informatively cued and no-go trials. Cue-locked ERPs showed evidence for a multicomponent preparation process. An early cue-locked differential positivity was larger for informative vs. non-informative cues and its amplitude correlated with differential activity for informatively vs. non-informatively cued trials in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), consistent with a goal activation process. A later differential positivity was larger for informatively cued switch vs. repeat trials and its amplitude correlated with informatively cued switch vs. repeat activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), compatible with a category-response (C-R) rule activation process. No-go trials elicited a frontal P3, whose amplitude was negatively correlated with activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and basal ganglia motor network, suggesting that a network responsible for response execution was inhibited in the course of a no-go trial. These findings indicate that anticipatory preparation in task-switching is comprised of at least two processes: goal activation and C-R rule activation. They also support a functional dissociation between DLPFC and VLPFC, with the former involved in top-down biasing and the latter involved in response inhibition.