Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2010 May;156(1):19-33. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.024. Epub 2010 Feb 4.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are involved in protein folding and translocation. During heat shock, both constitutive and stress-inducible HSPs bind to and inhibit irreversible aggregation of denatured protein and facilitate their refolding once normal cellular conditions are re-established. Recent interest in HSPs has been propelled by their association with various human diseases. Amphibian model systems, as shown in this review, have had a significant impact on our understanding of hsp gene expression and function. Some amphibian hsp genes are expressed constitutively during oogenesis and embryogenesis, while others are developmentally regulated and enriched in selected tissues in a stress-inducible fashion. For example, while hsp70 genes are heat-inducible after the midblastula stage, hsp30 genes are not inducible until late neurula/early tailbud. This particular phenomenon is likely controlled by chromatin structure. Also, hsp genes are expressed during regeneration, primarily in response to wounding-associated trauma. The availability of amphibian cultured cells has enabled the analysis of hsp gene expression induced by different stresses (e.g. cadmium, arsenite, proteasome inhibitors etc.), HSP intracellular localization, and their involvement in stress resistance. Furthermore, hyperthermia treatment of adult amphibians reveals that certain tissues were more sensitive than others in terms of hsp gene expression. Finally, this review details the evidence available for the role of amphibian small HSPs as molecular chaperones.
热休克蛋白（HSPs）是一种分子伴侣，参与蛋白质折叠和易位。在热休克过程中，组成型和应激诱导型 HSPs 结合并抑制变性蛋白质的不可逆聚集，并在正常细胞条件重新建立后促进其重折叠。最近对 HSPs 的兴趣源于它们与各种人类疾病的关联。如本综述所示，两栖动物模型系统对我们理解 hsp 基因表达和功能产生了重大影响。一些两栖动物 hsp 基因在卵发生和胚胎发生期间持续表达，而其他基因则在发育过程中受到调节，并以应激诱导的方式富集在特定组织中。例如，hsp70 基因在中胚层期后受热诱导，但 hsp30 基因直到晚期神经胚/早期尾芽期才诱导。这种特殊现象可能受染色质结构控制。此外，hsp 基因在再生过程中表达，主要是对与创伤相关的创伤作出反应。两栖动物培养细胞的可用性使得能够分析不同应激（例如镉、亚砷酸盐、蛋白酶体抑制剂等）诱导的 hsp 基因表达、HSP 细胞内定位及其在应激抵抗中的作用。此外，对成年两栖动物进行高温处理表明，某些组织在 hsp 基因表达方面比其他组织更敏感。最后，本综述详细说明了有关两栖类小分子 HSPs 作为分子伴侣的作用的现有证据。
