Hüppi Petra S
Service du Développement et de la Croissance, Département de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital des Enfants, Geneva, Switzerland.
Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2010;65:137-49; discussion 149-51. doi: 10.1159/000281156. Epub 2010 Feb 1.
Understanding human brain development from the fetal life to adulthood is of great clinical importance as many neurological and neurobehavioral disorders have their origin in early structural and functional cerebral maturation. The developing brain is particularly prone to being affected by endogenous and exogenous events through the fetal and early postnatal life. The concept of 'developmental plasticity or disruption of the developmental program' summarizes these events. Increases in white matter, which speed up communication between brain cells, growing complexity of neuronal networks suggested by gray and white matter changes, and environmentally sensitive plasticity are all essential aspects in a child's ability to mentalize and maintain the adaptive flexibility necessary for achieving high sociocognitive functioning. Advancement in neuroimaging has opened up new ways for examining the developing human brain in vivo, the study of the effects of early antenatal, perinatal and neonatal events on later structural and functional brain development resulting in developmental disabilities or developmental resilience. In this review, methods of quantitative assessment of human brain development, such as 3D-MRI with image segmentation, diffusion tensor imaging to assess connectivity and functional MRI to visualize brain function will be presented.
从胎儿期到成年期了解人类大脑发育具有重大临床意义，因为许多神经和神经行为障碍都源于早期大脑结构和功能的成熟。发育中的大脑在胎儿期和出生后早期特别容易受到内源性和外源性事件的影响。“发育可塑性或发育程序破坏”这一概念概括了这些事件。白质增加加快了脑细胞之间的交流，灰质和白质变化所表明的神经网络复杂性增加，以及环境敏感可塑性，都是儿童心理化能力和维持实现高社会认知功能所需适应性灵活性的重要方面。神经影像学的进步为体内研究发育中的人类大脑开辟了新途径，研究产前、围产期和新生儿早期事件对后期大脑结构和功能发育的影响，这些影响可能导致发育障碍或发育适应力。在这篇综述中，将介绍定量评估人类大脑发育的方法，如具有图像分割功能的3D-MRI、评估连通性的扩散张量成像以及可视化脑功能的功能MRI。
