Rivkin M J
Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6(1):68-80. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(2000)6:1<68::AID-MRDD9>3.0.CO;2-9.
Cognitive and motor development in children remain fascinating processes that are uniquely human. Progress has been made in recent years in elucidating the prenatal process of human brain development. In addition, much information exists regarding the behavioral aspects of postnatal human development. However, little is known about the relationship between anatomic postnatal central nervous system development and the accretion of functional milestones observed in children from the neonatal period through adolescence. Recently, powerful qualitative and quantitative magnetic resonance techniques have been developed that will permit detailed inquiry into the connection between the developing brain and the developing mind. In this review, first, the steps of prenatal and postnatal brain development are reviewed briefly. Subsequently, recent magnetic resonance imaging data related to human brain development during the fetal, neonatal, and later childhood periods are presented. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is discussed. Specific examples of its usefulness are provided. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques such as quantitative MRI, volumetric MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when combined with neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluation, will provide new insights into the cognitive development of children. MRDD Research Reviews 6:68-80, 2000.
儿童的认知和运动发育仍是独特的人类迷人过程。近年来，在阐明人类大脑发育的产前过程方面取得了进展。此外，关于出生后人类发育的行为方面也有很多信息。然而，对于出生后中枢神经系统的解剖发育与从新生儿期到青春期儿童所观察到的功能里程碑的累积之间的关系，人们了解甚少。最近，已经开发出强大的定性和定量磁共振技术，这将允许对发育中的大脑与发育中的心智之间的联系进行详细探究。在这篇综述中，首先简要回顾产前和产后大脑发育的步骤。随后，展示了与胎儿期、新生儿期和儿童后期人类大脑发育相关的近期磁共振成像数据。最后，讨论功能磁共振成像（fMRI）。提供了其有用性的具体例子。当定量MRI、容积MRI、扩散张量成像和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）等磁共振成像技术与神经学和神经心理学评估相结合时，将为儿童的认知发育提供新的见解。《MRDD研究评论》6:68 - 80，2000年。
