Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
Nature. 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):781-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08773.
Stars form from cold molecular interstellar gas. As this is relatively rare in the local Universe, galaxies like the Milky Way form only a few new stars per year. Typical massive galaxies in the distant Universe formed stars an order of magnitude more rapidly. Unless star formation was significantly more efficient, this difference suggests that young galaxies were much more molecular-gas rich. Molecular gas observations in the distant Universe have so far largely been restricted to very luminous, rare objects, including mergers and quasars, and accordingly we do not yet have a clear idea about the gas content of more normal (albeit massive) galaxies. Here we report the results of a survey of molecular gas in samples of typical massive-star-forming galaxies at mean redshifts
恒星形成于寒冷的星际分子气体中。由于在本地宇宙中这种气体相对较少,因此像银河系这样的星系每年只能形成少数几颗新恒星。在遥远的宇宙中,典型的大质量星系形成恒星的速度要快一个数量级。除非恒星形成的效率显著提高,否则这种差异表明,年轻星系的分子气体含量要丰富得多。到目前为止,对遥远宇宙中分子气体的观测主要局限于非常明亮、罕见的物体,包括合并星系和类星体,因此我们还没有清楚地了解更普通(尽管质量很大)星系的气体含量。在这里,我们报告了对典型大质量恒星形成星系样本中分子气体的观测结果,这些星系的平均红移约为 1.2 和 2.3,分别相当于宇宙当前年龄的 40%和 24%。我们的测量结果表明,遥远的恒星形成星系确实富含气体,而且恒星形成效率并不强烈依赖于宇宙时标。在 z = 2.3 和 z = 1.2 时,冷气体相对于星系总重子质量的平均分数分别约为 44%和 34%,比当今大质量旋涡星系中的气体含量高 3 到 10 倍。在 z 约为 2 到 z 约为 1 之间的缓慢下降可能需要一种机制,以将新鲜气体不断补充到年轻星系中。