Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.
Resuscitation. 2010 Apr;81(4):434-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.01.005. Epub 2010 Feb 10.
Bystanders make a critical difference in the survival of drowning victims. Little information on their role before arrival of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is available in the scientific literature. In a descriptive study, this role is investigated.
We studied 289 rescue reports (1999-2004) available from the Dutch Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen (Society to Rescue People from Drowning), an organisation that, since 1767, acknowledges awards to bystanders who have contributed to the survival of a drowning victim. There were 138 variables retrieved from these reports. The Utstein Style for Drowning (USFD) was used as a guideline. Of the 26 USFD parameters on victim and scene information, 21 were available for analysis. Eight non-USFD parameters, defined by the authors of this research, were available in >60% of the cases. There were 343 victims, rescued by 503 rescuers. 109 victims were resuscitated by bystanders. Of the 18 victims who first received resuscitation from bystanders and then consequently from pre-hospital professionals, 14 survived. Rescues often occurred in dangerous circumstances: multiple victims (n=90/343), cold or ice-cold water (n=295/341), deep water (n=316/334), swimming to the victims (n=262/376), young age of rescuers (the youngest rescuer was 5 years of age).
Bystander rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims seems to contribute to a positive outcome. Bystanders are prepared to take responsibility to rescue a drowning victim in spite of significant dangers. The USFD is helpful in understanding the role of bystanders in drowning situations, but may need modification to become more instrumental.
旁观者在溺水者的生存中起着至关重要的作用。关于他们在紧急医疗服务（EMS）到达之前的作用，科学文献中几乎没有相关信息。在一项描述性研究中，研究了这一角色。
我们研究了来自荷兰 Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen（拯救溺水者协会）的 289 份救援报告（1999-2004 年），该组织自 1767 年以来，一直向对溺水者生存有贡献的旁观者颁发奖项。这些报告中检索到了 138 个变量。使用溺水 utstein 风格（USFD）作为指南。在受害者和现场信息的 26 个 USFD 参数中，有 21 个可用于分析。作者定义了 8 个非 USFD 参数，在>60%的情况下可用。有 343 名受害者，由 503 名救援人员救出。有 109 名受害者被旁观者复苏。在最初由旁观者复苏，随后由院前专业人员复苏的 18 名受害者中，有 14 人幸存。救援经常在危险的情况下进行：多名受害者（n=90/343）、冷水或冰水（n=295/341）、深水（n=316/334）、向受害者游泳（n=262/376）、救援人员年龄较小（最小的救援人员年龄为 5 岁）。
旁观者对溺水者的救援和复苏似乎有助于产生积极的结果。尽管存在重大危险，旁观者还是准备承担起救援溺水者的责任。USFD 有助于理解旁观者在溺水情况下的作用，但可能需要修改以更具工具性。
