Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
Apoptosis. 2010 Sep;15(9):1007-28. doi: 10.1007/s10495-010-0472-1.
Tissue homeostasis in metazoa requires the rapid and efficient clearance of dying cells by professional or semi-professional phagocytes. Impairment of this finely regulated, fundamental process has been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Various studies have provided us a detailed understanding of the interaction between dying cells and phagocytes as well as the current concept that apoptotic cell removal leads to a non- or anti-inflammatory response, whereas necrotic cell removal stimulates a pro-inflammatory reaction. In contrast, our knowledge about the soluble factors released from dying cells is rather limited, although meanwhile it is generally accepted that not only the dying cell itself but also the substances liberated during cell death contribute to the process of corpse clearance and the subsequent immune response. This review article is intended as an up-to-date survey over attraction and danger signals of apoptotic, primary and secondary necrotic cells, their function as chemoattractants in phagocyte recruitment, additional effects on the immune system, and the receptors, which are engaged in this scenario.
后生动物的组织稳态需要专业或半专业的吞噬细胞快速有效地清除死亡细胞。这种精细调节的基本过程的障碍与自身免疫性疾病（如系统性红斑狼疮）的发展有关。各种研究使我们详细了解了垂死细胞与吞噬细胞之间的相互作用，以及目前的概念，即凋亡细胞的清除导致非炎症或抗炎反应，而坏死细胞的清除则刺激促炎反应。相比之下，尽管人们普遍认为，不仅垂死的细胞本身，而且细胞死亡过程中释放的物质也有助于尸体清除和随后的免疫反应，但我们对垂死细胞释放的可溶性因子的了解相当有限。这篇综述文章旨在对凋亡细胞、原发性和继发性坏死细胞的趋化和危险信号进行最新调查，探讨它们作为吞噬细胞募集趋化因子的功能，对免疫系统的额外影响，以及参与这一过程的受体。
