Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2010 Jul;56(1):294-304. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.029. Epub 2010 Feb 14.
We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the ant genus Myrmica, tested reciprocal monophyly of the Nearctic and Palearctic representatives, and inferred social parasite-host relationships for five workerless inquilines and four temporary parasites. We sequenced six gene fragments of 106 specimens (17 not identified to species), analysed the data with Bayesian phylogenetic inference and maximum likelihood, and estimated divergence times using penalized likelihood. Our well resolved phylogeny supported most morphologically defined species groups. The Nearctic and Palearctic species were not reciprocally monophyletic, which suggested repeated species interchange across the Beringian land bridge. Parasitism evolved several times in Myrmica. Three inquilines and one temporary parasite were closest relatives of their host, two inquiline species and one temporary parasite clustered basally to their host(s), and two temporary parasites more distantly. Myrmica probably diversified following drastic climatic cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary ca. 34 Ma, the oldest species groups being rugosa and ritae in central and southeastern Asia. The oldest inquiline, Myrmica karavajevi, was estimated at 17 Ma, the youngest species M. hirsuta at 0.8 Ma, whereas the microgyne of M.rubra is an intraspecific inquiline.
我们重建了蚂蚁属 Myrmica 的分子系统发育关系，检验了近北极和古北代表种的相互单系性，并推断了五个无工蚁寄生种和四个临时寄生种的社会寄生虫-宿主关系。我们对 106 个标本（17 个未鉴定到种）的 6 个基因片段进行了测序，使用贝叶斯系统发育推断和最大似然法对数据进行了分析，并使用罚似然法估计了分歧时间。我们解析度良好的系统发育树支持了大多数形态定义的种群。近北极和古北的种不是相互单系的，这表明在白令陆桥有反复的物种交换。在 Myrmica 中，寄生现象发生了多次。三种寄生种和一种临时寄生种与它们的宿主最接近，两种寄生种和一种临时寄生种聚集成基群，与它们的宿主（多个）较远。Myrmica 可能在大约 3400 万年前的始新世-渐新世之交剧烈的气候冷却后多样化，最古老的种群是在中亚和东南亚的 rugosa 和 ritae。最古老的寄生种 Myrmica karavajevi 被估计为 1700 万年前，最年轻的种 M. hirsuta 为 80 万年前，而 M. rubra 的微雌体是种内寄生种。
