Zwicker E, Zwicker U T
Institute of Electroacoustics, Technische Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany.
J Acoust Soc Am. 1991 Feb;89(2):756-64. doi: 10.1121/1.1894635.
Loudness of interaurally correlated narrow- and broadband noises was investigated using a loudness estimation paradigm (with two anchors) presented via headphones. Throughout the experiments (most performed by 12 subjects), the results from both anchors agreed very well. In the first experiment, third-octave-band noises centered around 250, 710, or 2000 Hz, as well as broadband red (-10 dB/oct), pink (-3 dB/oct), and blue (+10 dB/oct) noises, with interaural level differences of delta L = 0, 4, 10, 20, and infinity dB, were presented as test signals while the same sound presented monaurally or diotically served as anchor. The binaurally summed loudness at delta L = 0 dB was found to be larger than the loudness of a monaural signal of the same SPL by a factor of about 1.5 and decreased with increasing delta L. No dependence of this behavior on frequency, level, or spectral shape was found. In a second experiment, abutting frequency bands of varying width were alternately presented to the subject's left and right ears with the overall spectrum encompassing the whole audio range. The binaural loudness was larger for fewer but broader frequency bands. In a third experiment, uniform exciting noise was switched between the two ears at various speeds. Increasing the switching frequency gave rise to an increase in loudness of about 20%. All results are discussed from the viewpoint of the use of the standardized loudness meter. At this point, there is no evidence that any significant systematic errors due to single-channel evaluation (in contrast to the human two-channel processing) are made by measuring loudness using these meters.
使用通过耳机呈现的响度估计范式（有两个锚点），对耳间相关的窄带和宽带噪声的响度进行了研究。在整个实验过程中（大多数实验由12名受试者完成），两个锚点的结果非常吻合。在第一个实验中，以250、710或2000Hz为中心的三分之一倍频程带噪声，以及宽带红噪声（-10dB/倍频程）、粉红噪声（-3dB/倍频程）和蓝噪声（+10dB/倍频程），耳间声级差ΔL = 0、4、10、20和无穷大dB，作为测试信号呈现，而单耳或双耳呈现的相同声音作为锚点。发现在ΔL = 0dB时双耳总和响度比相同声压级的单耳信号响度大约大1.5倍，并随着ΔL的增加而降低。未发现这种行为对频率、声级或频谱形状的依赖性。在第二个实验中，将不同宽度的相邻频带交替呈现给受试者的左耳和右耳，整个频谱涵盖整个音频范围。对于较少但较宽的频带，双耳响度较大。在第三个实验中，以各种速度在两只耳朵之间切换均匀的激励噪声。增加切换频率会使响度增加约20%。所有结果均从使用标准化响度计的角度进行了讨论。在这一点上，没有证据表明使用这些仪器测量响度时会由于单通道评估（与人类双通道处理相比）而产生任何显著的系统误差。
