Hyperglycemia induces apoptosis in rat liver through the increase of hydroxyl radical: new insights into the insulin effect.

In this study, we analyzed the contribution of hydroxyl radical in the liver apoptosis mediated by hyperglycemia through the Bax-caspase pathway and the effects of insulin protection against the apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia. Male adult Wistar rats were randomized in three groups: control (C) (sodium citrate buffer, i.p.), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (SID) (STZ 60 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), and insulin-treated SID (SID+I; 15 days post STZ injection, SID received insulin s.c., twice a day, 15 days). Rats were autopsied on day 30. In liver tissue, diabetes promoted a significant increase in hydroxyl radical production which correlated with lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. Besides, hyperglycemia significantly increased mitochondrial BAX protein expression, cytosolic cytochrome c levels, and caspase-3 activity leading to an increase in apoptotic index. Interestingly, the treatment of diabetic rats with desferoxamine or tempol (antioxidants/hydroxyl radical scavengers) significantly attenuated the increase in both hydroxyl radical production and in LPO produced by hyperglycemia, preventing apoptosis by reduction of mitochondrial BAX and cytosolic cytochrome c levels. Insulin treatment showed similar results. The finding that co-administration of antioxidants/hydroxyl radical scavengers together with insulin did not provide any additional benefit compared with those obtained using either inhibitors or insulin alone shows that it is likely that insulin prevents oxidative stress by reducing the effects of hydroxyl radicals. Importantly, insulin significantly increased apoptosis inhibitor protein expression by induction of its mRNA. Taken together, our studies support that, at least in part, the hydroxyl radical acts as a reactive intermediate, which leads to liver apoptosis in a model of STZ-mediated hyperglycemia. A new anti-apoptosis signal for insulin is shown, given by an increase of apoptosis inhibitor protein.