Fungal Biotechnology Group, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Finland.
J Basic Microbiol. 2010 Feb;50(1):5-20. doi: 10.1002/jobm.200900338.
Filamentous fungi owe powerful abilities for decomposition of the extensive plant material, lignocellulose, and thereby are indispensable for the Earth's carbon cycle, generation of soil humic matter and formation of soil fine structure. The filamentous wood-decaying fungi belong to the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and are unique organisms specified to degradation of the xylem cell wall components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins and extractives). The basidiomycetous wood-decaying fungi form brackets, caps or resupinaceous (corticioid) fruiting bodies when growing on wood for dissemination of their sexual basidiospores. In particular, the ability to decompose the aromatic lignin polymers in wood is mostly restricted to the white rot basidiomycetes. The white-rot decay of wood is possible due to secretion of organic acids, secondary metabolites, and oxidoreductive metalloenzymes, heme peroxidases and laccases, encoded by divergent gene families in these fungi. The brown rot basidiomycetes obviously depend more on a non-enzymatic strategy for decomposition of wood cellulose and modification of lignin. This review gives a current ecological, genomic, and protein functional and phylogenetic perspective of the wood and lignocellulose-decaying basidiomycetous fungi.
丝状真菌具有强大的分解广泛植物材料（木质纤维素）的能力，因此对地球的碳循环、土壤腐殖质的生成和土壤细结构的形成是不可或缺的。丝状木质腐朽真菌属于担子菌门和子囊菌门，是专门降解木质部细胞壁成分（纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和提取物）的独特生物。担子菌木质腐朽真菌在木材上生长时形成菌盖、菌帽或反刍状（皮壳状）的子实体，以传播其有性担子孢子。特别是，分解木材中芳香族木质素聚合物的能力主要限于白腐担子菌。木材的白腐腐烂是由于这些真菌中不同基因家族编码的有机酸、次生代谢物、氧化还原金属酶、血红素过氧化物酶和漆酶的分泌所致。褐腐担子菌显然更多地依赖于非酶策略来分解木材纤维素和修饰木质素。本综述从生态、基因组、蛋白质功能和系统发育的角度介绍了木质素和木质纤维素分解的担子菌真菌。
