Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010 Mar;98(3):520-34. doi: 10.1037/a0017057.
In interpersonal perception, "perceiver effects" are tendencies of perceivers to see other people in a particular way. Two studies of naturalistic interactions examined perceiver effects for personality traits: seeing a typical other as sympathetic or quarrelsome, responsible or careless, and so forth. Several basic questions were addressed. First, are perceiver effects organized as a global evaluative halo, or do perceptions of different traits vary in distinct ways? Second, does assumed similarity (as evidenced by self-perceiver correlations) reflect broad evaluative consistency or trait-specific content? Third, are perceiver effects a manifestation of stable beliefs about the generalized other, or do they form in specific contexts as group-specific stereotypes? Findings indicated that perceiver effects were better described by a differentiated, multidimensional structure with both trait-specific content and a higher order global evaluation factor. Assumed similarity was at least partially attributable to trait-specific content, not just to broad evaluative similarity between self and others. Perceiver effects were correlated with gender and attachment style, but in newly formed groups, they became more stable over time, suggesting that they grew dynamically as group stereotypes. Implications for the interpretation of perceiver effects and for research on personality assessment and psychopathology are discussed.
在人际知觉中，“知觉者效应”是指知觉者倾向于以特定的方式看待他人。两项关于自然互动的研究考察了人格特质的知觉者效应：将典型的他人视为富有同情心或爱争吵、有责任心或粗心大意等。研究解决了几个基本问题。首先，知觉者效应是否像整体评价晕轮一样组织起来，还是不同特质的感知以不同的方式变化？其次，假定的相似性（如自我知觉相关所证明的）是否反映了广泛的评价一致性还是特质特异性内容？第三，知觉者效应是对一般化他人的稳定信念的表现，还是它们在特定情境中作为群体特定的刻板印象形成？研究结果表明，知觉者效应通过具有特质特异性内容和高阶整体评价因素的差异化多维结构来更好地描述。假定的相似性至少部分归因于特质特异性内容，而不仅仅是自我和他人之间的广泛评价相似性。知觉者效应与性别和依恋风格相关，但在新形成的群体中，它们随着时间的推移变得更加稳定，这表明它们作为群体刻板印象动态增长。讨论了对知觉者效应的解释以及人格评估和精神病理学研究的意义。
