Olsvik O, Wasteson Y, Lund A, Hornes E
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo.
Int J Food Microbiol. 1991 Jan;12(1):103-13. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90051-p.
The bacteria constituting the species Escherichia coli are commonly found in the intestinal flora of man and animals, and were until late 1950s recognized as non-pathogenic normal cohabitants. However, certain strains might induce disease, and E. coli should therefore be regarded as a potential pathogenic organism. The pathogenic strains can cause distinct disease syndrome as different diarrheal diseases, wound infections, meningitis, septicemia, artherosclerosis, hemolytic uremic syndrome and immunological diseases such as reactive and rheumatoid arthritis. Several different groups of diarrhea-inducing strains are known. The enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains produce one or more of toxins from the heat-labile and the heat-stable enterotoxin families. These strains possess specific adhesion fimbria for intestinal attachment and colonization. Some enteropathogenic E. coli strains (EPEC) produce one or more of the cytotoxins, but adhere also to intestinal cells interfering with the electrolyte transport system. The group of strains possessing invasive properties are designated enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). Recently, the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strains have been identified and shown to produce one or more of the cytotoxins (vero-cytotoxins, shiga-like toxins). Food originating from warm-blooded animals may be contaminated with E. coli, but contamination from human sources are more common for food involved in outbreak of disease. In general, strains causing disease in animals do possess other colonization factors than those found on human pathogenic strains. EIEC strains are, like Shigella, only known to induce disease in man. However, both healthy and sick cattle are suspected to be a major reservoir for EHEC strains, and several outbreaks have been associated with consumption of meat or meat products. Cheeses have been the source of outbreaks of both ETEC and EIEC in Europe and the USA, while water seems to be a major source for the different diarrheic E. coli strains affecting children and tourists in the 3rd world. Strains causing non-enteric disease are less known as being transmitted to humans with food as a vector, but the importance of some of these diseases, should implicate further research on what role food plays in spreading these organisms. The recipient of the potential pathogenic E. coli through food, the humans, are also of different risk of contracting diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
构成大肠杆菌这一物种的细菌通常存在于人类和动物的肠道菌群中，直到20世纪50年代末一直被认为是无致病性的正常共生体。然而，某些菌株可能引发疾病，因此大肠杆菌应被视为一种潜在的致病生物体。致病菌株可导致不同的疾病综合征，如不同类型的腹泻病、伤口感染、脑膜炎、败血症、动脉粥样硬化、溶血性尿毒症综合征以及免疫性疾病，如反应性和类风湿性关节炎。已知有几类不同的致腹泻菌株。产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）菌株会产生热不稳定和热稳定肠毒素家族中的一种或多种毒素。这些菌株拥有用于肠道附着和定植的特异性黏附菌毛。一些肠致病性大肠杆菌（EPEC）菌株会产生一种或多种细胞毒素，但也会黏附于肠道细胞，干扰电解质转运系统。具有侵袭特性的菌株被称为侵袭性大肠杆菌（EIEC）。最近，肠出血性大肠杆菌（EHEC）菌株已被鉴定出来，并显示会产生一种或多种细胞毒素（维罗毒素、志贺样毒素）。源自温血动物的食物可能会被大肠杆菌污染，但在疾病暴发所涉及的食物中，来自人类源的污染更为常见。一般来说，在动物中致病的菌株所拥有的定植因子与人类致病菌株中的不同。EIEC菌株，就像志贺氏菌一样，只在人类中引发疾病。然而，健康和患病的牛都被怀疑是EHEC菌株的主要储存宿主，并且有几次疾病暴发与食用肉类或肉制品有关。在欧洲和美国，奶酪一直是ETEC和EIEC暴发的源头，而水似乎是影响第三世界儿童和游客的不同腹泻性大肠杆菌菌株的主要来源。导致非肠道疾病的菌株作为通过食物传播给人类的载体鲜为人知，但其中一些疾病的重要性表明，应进一步研究食物在传播这些生物体中所起的作用。通过食物接触潜在致病性大肠杆菌的受体，即人类，感染疾病的风险也各不相同。（摘要截选至40字）
