Bispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy: Current perspectives.

The concept of using bispecific antibodies to retarget immune effector cells for cancer therapy was conceived more than 20 years ago. However, initial clinical studies were rather disappointing mainly due to low efficacy, severe adverse effects and immunogenicity of the bispecific antibodies. A deeper understanding of effector cell biology and especially developments in the field of antibody engineering has led to the generation of new classes of bispecific antibodies capable of circumventing many of these obstacles. Furthermore, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies, such as pre-targeting strategies in radioimmunotherapy or dual targeting approaches in order to improve binding, selectivity, and efficacy. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of bispecific antibodies and describes some new concepts developed for cancer immunotherapy.