Cardioprotective effects of the potassium channel opener cromakalim: stereoselectivity and effects on myocardial adenine nucleotides.

We determined if the cardioprotective effects of the potassium channel opener cromakalim are stereoselective and if it can preserve adenine nucleotides in ischemic myocardium. We subjected isolated isovolumically beating rat hearts to 25 min of global ischemia and reperfusion with and without pretreatment by cromakalim or its enantiomers. All of these compounds significantly increased preischemic coronary flow with the (3S,4R)-(-)-enantiomer being more potent (EC25 = 0.52 microM) compared to cromakalim (EC25 = 1.04 microM) and the (3R,4S)-(+)-enantiomer (EC25 greater than 100 microM). The (-)-enantiomer was also significantly more potent in reducing ischemic/reperfusion damage compared to cromakalim and its (+)-enantiomer. Reperfusion contractile function was improved significantly and lactate dehydrogenase release was reduced by these compounds. Time to contracture was also increased significantly by the (-)-enantiomer (EC25 = 2.27 microM), cromakalim (EC25 = 4.89 microM) and the (+)-enantiomer (EC25 greater than 100 microM). We determined if cromakalim, in a concentration which does not depress cardiac function (10 microM), can preserve high energy phosphates during ischemia in isolated rat hearts. Cromakalim significantly preserved ATP at 15 to 25 min of ischemia. Adenylate energy charge was also significantly improved by cromakalim at 20 to 25 min into an ischemic episode. Thus, the cardioprotective effects of cromakalim are stereoselective and may be due partly to preservation of myocardial energy reserves. It is significant that cromakalim can preserve adenine nucleotides despite its lack of negative inotropic effects.